Military redeployment turns Chile's Mapuche areas into powder keg

With military troops once again patrolling their ancestral lands, members of the Mapuche indigenous community in Chile's south are angry.

Failure to resolve a conflict over the group's land claims has led to a surge in violence and arson over the last decade, with property owned by logging companies often the target.

Carolina Soto, a Mapuche woman who occupies state-owned land near the city of Temuco, said that "the violence came from outside, with the military."

In response to mounting unrest, troops returned last week to the southern La Araucanía region and also to parts of neighbouring Biobío, areas with the largest Mapuche populations in Chile.

The decision marked a shift in policy by newly elected leftist President Gabriel Boric, who initially said he would put dialogue first and withdraw troops from the area.

He bowed to pressure earlier this month, however, in the face of a 122 percent increase in arson attacks since troops withdrew in late March.

Nonetheless, the attacks continue. A 66-year-old forestry employee was killed and two others wounded on Tuesday when a minibus they were travelling in came under fire on a country road near the town of Lumaco.

"We will not tolerate violence being used as a way to resolve conflicts in the country," Boric said.

Dialogue 'not possible'

Soon after taking power, Boric doubled the budget to buy land to be handed over to the Mapuche, a practice that had been suspended under his conservative predecessor Sebastián Piñera. He also called for dialogue, but many Mapuche are suspicious.

"As long as we are not recognised as the Mapuche people-nation, dialogue will not be possible," Soto said.

Soto was forced to leave her city of Temuco when she could no longer make ends meet, and now lives off the state-owned land that she occupies along with around 15 others.

Chile's new constitution, which will be put to a referendum in September, defines the country as a "plurinational state" and establishes greater indigenous autonomy, including a special judiciary.

One of the most radical indigenous organisations, Arauco-Malleco Coordination (CAM), has traditionally encouraged sabotaging logging companies while refraining from hurting any people.

But its long-time leader Héctor Llaitul recently urged supporters "to prepare forces and to organise an armed resistance."

Despite the presence of such militant groups, a significant part of the population welcomes the military's presence, particularly to provide security on roads.

"We need more security here," said trucker Raúl Jara, 55. "It has been many years and nothing has changed."

Incessant attacks on trucks and forestry machinery have made certain roads no-go areas, and many drivers say they are desperate to get home before nightfall.

"We hoped that they would tackle the problem differently under this government," said Juan Paillafil, the mayor of the small town of Puerto Saavedra, whose population is 80 percent Mapuche.